Photosynthesis

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There are three different form of photosynthesis which includes the C3, C4 and CAM. All the three forms of photosynthesis are based on two different pathways; the first path being the light reaction path. This is where the energy from the sun is directly taken up by the green element in plants known as chlorophyll to split water producing oxygen. The second pathway is known as the dark reaction or the carbon fixation cycle. The carbon dioxide is absorbed to make sugar. The energy from the light reactions is applied in driving the process. The following are the photosynthetic pathways of different species in the ecosystem.

citations	Photosynthesis pathway	Species	Family
citations	Photosynthesis pathway	Species	Family
(Ehleringer, Cerling and Dearing 190-196)	C3 Pathway	*Echiumrauwolfii* *Del. = E. arabicum* R. Mill**	Boraginaceous
(Ehleringer, Cerling and Dearing 193)	It has a C₃ photosynthetic pathway as shown below; The equation CO₂(Carbon dioxide in from stomata) + RuBP (Ribulose bisphosphate already in plant) + the enzyme RUBISCO (Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase) “fixes” carbon from the atmosphereà2PGA (phospholygerate)	*Trichodesmaafricanum* (L.) *Lehm. var. heterotrichumBornm. &Kneuck.*
(Ruddiman pg,316)	These include shrubs, lianas, the mangroves and the annuals. These plants have either the C4 or the CAM type of photosynthesis pathway	*Gypsophila capillaris* (Forssk.) C. Chr.	Caryophyllaceae
(Monson 563)	The plant uses the C4-dicarboxylic acid pathway of photosynthesis.	*Cornulacamonacantha* Del.	Chenopodiaceae
(Monson 566)	C4photosynthetic pathway	*Cornulacasetifera* (Dc.) Maq.
(Monson 563)	The C₄form of photosynthesis path	*SuaedaveraForssk. ex J. Gmel. = S. fruticosa*
(Monson 564)	It has a C₄photosytnthesis pathway	**HelianthemumvesicariumBoiss.**	Cistaceae
(Monson 564)	C4photosynthesis pathway	*Anthemisarvensis* L.
(Ehleringer, Cerling and Dearing 99)	C3photosynthetic pathway.	Anvilleagarcinii(Burm.f.) DC.
(Monson 563)	C₄photosynthesis pathway	*Atractylismernephthae* Asch. Schweinf. &Letourne = A. arabicusRech.
(Monson 565)	The photosynthesis pathway is C4	*Carthamusoxycantha* M. Bieb.
(Monson 555)	C4 photosynthetic pathways	*Centaureasinaica* Dc.
(Sage2)	Chamaemelum nobile ... Photosynthetic pathway, 4.02, C3	*Chamaemelummixtum* (L.) All.
(Sage, 4)	(C3/C4) photosynthetic pathway	*Echinopsglaberrimus* Dc.
(Sage 11)	C₃photosynthetic pathway	**GarhadiolusangulosusJaub. &Spach.**
(Sage12)	CAM photosynthetic pathway	*Launaeaangudtifolia* (Desf.) Kuntze
(Sage12)	C₃photosynthetic pathway	**Leontodonhispidus(Delile.) Boiss.**
(Monson 563)	C₄photosynthetic pathway	**OnopordumsibthorpianumBoiss. &Heldr.**
(Ruddiman 12)	CAM photosynthetic pathway	**PicrisaltissimaDelile.**
(Pessarakli42)	CAM photosynthetic pathway	**PicrisbabylonicaHand-Mazz.**
(Pessarakli47)	CAM photosynthetic pathway	*Pseudognaphaliumluteoalbum* (L.) Hilliard & B. L. Burtt.
(Pessarakli51)	CAM photosynthetic pathway	*Scorzonerapapposa* Dc.
(Pessarakli39)	C₄photosynthetic pathway	**ScorzoneraschweinfurthiiBoiss.**
(Pessarakli40)	C₄photosynthetic pathway	**SeneciobelbeysiusDelile.**
(Pessarakli42)	C₄photosynthetic pathway	*Urospermumpicroides* (L.) F.W. Schmidt
(Pessarakli99)	C4 pathway	*Anastaticahierochuntica* L.	Cruciferae
(Pessarakli99)	C4 pathway	*Coronopusdidymus* (L.) Sm.
(Monson 98)	C4 pathway	**Diplotaxisharra(Forssk.) Boiss.**
(Pessarakli102)	C4 pathway	**EnarthrocarpusstrangulatusBoiss.**
(Pessarakli32)	C4 pathway	*Eruca sativa* Mill.
(Pessarakli32)	C4 pathway	*Erucariacrassifolia* (Forssk.) Delile
(Pessarakli45)	C4 pathway	*Erucariahispanica* (L.) Druce
(Pessarakli54)	C4 pathway	**LepidiumaucheriBoiss.**
’’	C4 pathway	*Andrachnetelephioides* L.	*Euphorbiaceous*
”	C4 pathway	**Euphorbia granulataForssk.**
”	C4 pathway	**Euphorbia prostrataAiton**
’”	C4 pathway	**Euphorbia retusaForssk.**
(Waller and Lewis, 1-17)	C3 photosynthetic pathway	*Agropyroncristatum* (L.) Willd.	Gramineae
Waller and Lewis, 1-17)	C3 photosynthetic pathway	**BromusdanthoniaeTrin.**
Waller and Lewis, 1-17)	C3 photosynthetic pathway	**BromushaussknechtiiBoiss.**
Waller and Lewis, 1-17)	C3 photosynthetic pathway	**BromussericeusDrobov**
Waller and Lewis, 1-17)	C3 photosynthetic pathway	*Bromusscoparius* L.
Waller and Lewis, 1-17)	C3 photosynthetic pathway	*Centropodiaforskalii* (Vahl) Cope
Waller and Lewis, 1-17)	C4 photosynthesis pathway.	*Loliummultiflorum* Lam.
Waller and Lewis, 1-17)	C4 photosynthesis pathway.	*Loliumperennialenne* L.
Waller and Lewis, 1-17)	The C4 pathway of photosynthesis	*Phalarisparadoxa* L.
Waller and Lewis, 1-17)	The C4-dicarboxylic acid pathway of photosynthesis	*Salvia aegyptiaca* L.
(Ramawat 198)	C4 photosynthesis pathway,.	**AstragaluspalaestinusEig**	Leguminosae
(Ramawat 198)	C4 photosynthesis pathway,.	**HippocrepisareolataDesv.**
(Ramawat 197	C4 photosynthesis pathway,.	**HippocrepiscyclocarpaMurb.**
(Ramawat 198)	C4 photosynthesis pathway,.	**Lotus lanuginosusVent.**
(Ramawat 198)	C4 photosynthesis pathway,.	**Medicagomonspeliaca(L.) Trautv.**
(Ramawat 198)	C4 photosynthesis pathway,.	*Medicagopolymorpha* L.
(Ramawat 198)	C4 photosynthesis pathway,.	*Retamaraetam* (Forssk.) Webb &Berthel.
(Ramawat 198)	C4 photosynthesis pathway,.	*Tephrosiapurpurea* (L.) *Pers. ssp. Leptostachya* (DC.) Brummitt**
(Ramawat 198)	C4-photosynthesis pathway	*Trigonellalaciniata* L.
(Ruddiman 44)	C₃pathway	*Cistanchephelypaea* (L.) Cout.	Orobanchaceae
(Pessarakli22)	It employs the C₄photosynthetic path	**HypecoumgesliniiCoss. & Karl.**	Papaveraceae
(Pessarakli 99)	This is a C3 photosynthetic pathway plant	**Papaver glaucumBoiss. &Hausskn. ex Bieb**
(Pessarakli23)	C₃photosynthetic pathway	*Plantagoalbicans* L.	Plantaginaceae
”	C4photosynthetic pathway	**PlantagocylindricaForssk**
”	C₃photosynthetic pathway	*Plantagolanceolata* L.
”	C₃photosynthetic pathway	*Plantagopsammophila* Agnew &Chalibi-Ka, bi.
	C4 photosynthetic pathway	*Polygonumaviculare*L.	Polygonaceae
	Uses C₃photosythetic pathway	**PolygonumpalaestinumZoh**
Pessarakli111)	C4 photosynthesis	*Oligomerislinifolia* (Vahl ex Hornem.) *J. F. Macbr. ( =Reseda linifoliaVahl ex Hornem.)*	Resedaceae
Pessarakli121)	Many of these sour plants are endowed with the C4 photosynthetic pathway	*Veronica polita* Fr. (= V.didymasensuauct)	Scrophulariaceae
(Sage23)		**Hyoscyamusdsertorum(Asch. ex Boiss.) V. Täckh.**	Solanaceae
Pessarakli110)	C₃or C₄photosythetic pathway	*Solanum nigrum* L.
Pessarakli111)	The C₃ photosynthesis pathway	**Reaumuriahirtellajaub. &Spach**	Tamaricaceae
Pessarakli119)	It employs C₄photosynthesis	**TamarixtetragynaEhrenb**
(Pessarakli111)	employs the C₃ photosynthetic pathway	**DucrosiaflabellifpliaBoiss**
’’	This is a plant with a C₄photosynthesis pathway	*Pteroselinumcrispum* (Mill.) A. W. Hill. = P.Sativum (L.) P. Hoffm.
’’		*Tordyliumaegyptiacum* (L.) Poir.
’’	It has a C₃photosynthesis pathway	**TribulusmacropterusBoiss.**	Zygophyllaceae

References

MLA

Ehleringer, James R., Thure Cerling and Dennis Dearing. A History of Atmospheric CO2 and Its Effects on Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems. New York: Springer Science & Business Media, 2006.

Monson, Russel. The C4 Plant Biology. New York: Academic Press, 1998.

Pessarakli, Mohammad. Handbook of Photosynthesis, Second Edition. New York: CRC Press, 2015.

Ruddiman, William. Tectonic Uplift and Climate Change. London: Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.

Sage, Rowan. "The C4 Plants Lineages of Planet Earth." Journal of Experimental Botany Advance Access published March 16, 2011 (2011): 1-15.

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