Paper Example With Annotated Bibliography on Crime Prevention

Introduction

The topic of investigation is 'Crime prevention research and initiatives aimed at reducing juvenile delinquency and subsequent adult criminal behaviour'. The following are some relevant references relevant to the topic. The annotation will cover eight articles, however, 13 sources will be given in the reference section with at least five supporting the annotations provided.

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Xiaodong, L, Eleonora, P, Yves, Z & Lung-Fei, and L. (2012). Criminal Networks: Who is the Key Player? FEEM Working Paper No. 39.2012 available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2089267

The article focusses on the analysis of the delinquent groupings among adolescents in the United States of America. To achieve this, the research adopts a dynamic network formation model to show the groups of key players in crime, whose elimination can effectively lead to the effective reduction of the crime rates in general (Thornberry, 2018). Data on the criminal behaviour of the adolescents within the United States is then applied to reveal that the most involved groups in crime are the socially excluded, less religious, the male, and those with parents of lower education levels. Some are never actively involved in crime but take an active part in aiding the criminal groups to achieve the crimes.

Liu, X, Patacchini, E & Zenou, Y. (2014). Journal of Economic Behaviour & Organisation 103, 39-59, 2014, Pages 39-59,60-71 available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2014.03.025

The setting of the book is the United States. It focusses on helping to develop a single way of inculcating various behavioural methods of interactions in society. To achieve this, a statistical approach has been adopted to design, select, test, and discriminate between the various mechanisms. Because sports and education are essential in the shaping up of the behaviour of the juvenile and the youth, a sharp focus has been directed towards them. The work asserts that there are stronger multiplier effects in sporting activities while social ways of doing things and effective group-based policies should be given much attention (Hirsch, 2017). Additionally, the outlined laboratory experiments suggest that groups are likely to influence the decisions of individuals, with the students given a special place. Therefore, it should be known that interactions between members of society heavily influence their behaviour.

Connolly, E, J. (2019). Further Evaluating the Relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences, Antisocial Behaviour, and Violent Victimization: A sibling Comparison Analysis available at https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204019833145

There have been a lot of speculations that early childhood exposure to adverse experiences usually increases their chances of taking part in antisocial behaviour in their later stages of life. The article takes an approach of sampling siblings and performing an analysis on them to come up with a conclusion whether they exhibit various forms of antisocial behaviour due to direct effects of earlier exposure to adverse conditions. According to the findings as outlined herein, there is no strong correlation between earlier exposure to adverse conditions and taking part in or aiding adolescent antisocial or delinquent behaviour and risk of victimization in the future. Such findings become of great help in the formulation of policies to help in controlling juvenile crime.

Walter, W. Peterson, S, D. (2018). "Sticks and Stones May Break My Bones, But Bullying Will Get Me Bangin": Bullying Involvement and Adolescent Gang Joining (November 15, 2018) available at https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204018809841

For many years, there is a link that has always come up between involvement in bullying activities and the actual participation in the gang groups themselves. However, this relation has never been supported by adequate facts that can aid in the formulation of proper training practices and control measures for the youth. The article examines such direct relations of bullying and gang involvement among the gender (Gottfredson, 2017). The research comes with findings that bully-victims that are male are more exposed to joining gang groups in their adolescent stages of life. Therefore, prevention methods towards bullying trends in children should be widely adopted to control crimes in their later stages of life.

Jonathan W. Diamond, B, C & Karas, S. (2019). Decoupling the Labeling Tradition: Exploring Gang Affiliation and the Application of the Law. available at https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204017689492

The research paper seeks to explore the impact of the legal predictors among the gang groups and the consequent legal impacts of the labels on the involvement of the youth in criminal gang groups. By making the use of multivariable regression model on the archival juvenile data collected from the court, it is found that various predictors such as felony offence, detention before trial, the number of offences one is accused of per case and personal health needs have direct effect on the gang affiliation among the juveniles (Finkelhor & Johnson, 2017). Such legal labels have a large effect on the behavioural characteristics of adolescents. Therefore, in an attempt to reduce the adolescent involvement in criminal activities, and criminal justice system reforms on the use of such labels should be spearheaded.

Brown, A (2018). Using Latent Class Analysis to Explore the Subtypes of Youth Who Have Committed Sexual Offenses. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204018820578

There has never been a particular trend to identify a particular group of youth who are more likely to be involved in sexual offences. A difficulty has been brought about by the fact that there is an overlap in the characteristics of the youth who have taken part in sexual offences as well and also the unavailability of methodological limitations which would otherwise, have enabled the translation into direct practice. In this study, only sexual variables were included and this helped in the elimination of the overlaps. Such studies help in implementing various programs that aim at assisting the delinquents in refraining from sexual offences.

Kremer, P.K & Vaughn, G, M. (2018). College Aspirations among Incarcerated Juvenile Offenders: The Importance of Maternal Education and Neglect. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204018821416

According to the article, the research conducted in detention facilities located in West Pennsylvania revealed that almost 90 per cent of the incarcerated youths holds aspirations of joining the college for further studies. The basis of such a conclusion are findings from the questionnaire that led the youth inmates providing details related to the influence of their family members and their personal drive to attain higher educational qualifications by attending colleges (Matza, 2018). Most importantly, however, it could be concluded that if a mother did not attain higher learning institution education, then the incarcerated son or daughter lacked the drive to pursue a college education. These findings can be used to encourage the juveniles to attend college and hence reduce the rates at which the uneducated youths join the gang groups.

Glenn D. W. (2019). Positive Parents and Negative Peers: Assessing the Nature and Order of Caregiver and Friend Effects in Predicting Early Delinquency. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204019831751

Parenting has been said to be a major contributing factor to the nature in which a person behaves all his or her life. The article aimed at finding out how the parenting-peer relationship affects the involvement of adolescents to early delinquency. It was found that the inculcation of the gang resistance and training by the parents to the children at early ages heavily reduce their chances of involvement with such gangs. Such training goes as far as reducing the peer influence of adolescents towards gang activities. Policymakers should hence concentrate on promoting strong parenting practices that are likely to help in reducing crime levels among the youth.

Conclusion

In conclusion, various others whose works have been highlighted offer different approaches to combating juvenile crime. Additional research should be encouraged while making frantic and continuous efforts to implement the already found remedies.

References

Brown, A (2018). Using Latent Class Analysis to Explore the Subtypes of Youth Who Have Committed Sexual Offenses (December 25, 2018) available at https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204018820578

Connolly, E, J. (2019). Further Evaluating the Relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences, Antisocial Behaviour, and Violent Victimization: A sibling Comparison Analysis available at https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204019833145

Finkelhor, D., & Johnson, M. (2017). Has psychiatric medication reduced crime and delinquency?. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 18(3), 339-347.

Glenn D. W. (2019). Positive Parents and Negative Peers: Assessing the Nature and Order of Caregiver and Friend Effects in Predicting Early Delinquency. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204019831751

Gottfredson, M. (2017). Control Theories of Crime and Delinquency. Routledge.

Hirsch, T. (2017). Causes of delinquency. Routledge.

Jonathan W. Diamond, B, C & Karas, S. (2019). Decoupling the Labeling Tradition: Exploring Gang Affiliation and the Application of the Law. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204017689492

Kremer, P.K & Vaughn, G, M. (2018). College Aspirations among Incarcerated Juvenile Offenders: The Importance of Maternal Education and Neglect. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204018821416

Liu, X, Patacchini, E & Zenou, Y. (2014). Journal of Economic Behaviour & Organisation 103, 39-59, 2014, Pages 39-59,60-71 available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2014.03.025

Matza, D. (2018). Delinquency and Drift. Routledge.

Thornberry, T. (2018). Developmental theories of crime and delinquency. Routledge.

Walter, W. Peterson, S, D. (2018). "Sticks and Stones May Break My Bones, But Bullying Will Get Me Bangin": Bullying Involvement and Adolescent Gang Joining (November 15, 2018) available at https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204018809841

Xiaodong, L, Eleonora, P, Yves, Z & Lung-Fei, and L. (2012). Criminal Networks: Who is the Key Player? FEEM Working Paper No. 39.2012 available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2089267